Effects of Alcoholic Drinks to College Students Essay Example for Free

Effects of Alcoholic Drinks to College Students Essay Although alcohol may give you a feeling of elation and aroused senses due to a lessening of inhibitions during the early stages of alcohol intoxication, alcohol is a depressant. It depresses the central nervous system—leading to slowed reactions, slurred speech, and ultimately, to unconsciousness. Alcohol progressively affects different brain areas. Alcohol first affects the part of the brain that controls inhibitions. When people lose their inhibitions, they may talk more, get rowdy, and do foolish things. After several drinks, they may feel â€Å"high,† but really, their nervous system is slowing down. Alcohol acts fast because it is not digested like food. Instead, it moves directly into the bloodstream from the stomach and small intestine. It takes a long time for alcohol’s effects to wear off—as it takes approximately one hour for the liver to process the alcohol in one drink. ALCOHOL’S DAMAGING EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN Difficulty walking, blurred vision, slurred speech, slowed reaction times, impaired memory: Clearly, alcohol affects the brain. Some of these impairments are detectable after only one or two drinks and quickly resolve when drinking stops. On the other hand, a person who drinks heavily over a long period of time may have brain deficits that persist well after he or she achieves sobriety. Exactly how alcohol affects the brain and the likelihood of reversing the impact of heavy drinking on the brain remain hot topics in alcohol research today. We do know that heavy drinking may have extensive and far–reaching effects on the brain, ranging from simple â€Å"slips† in memory to permanent and debilitating conditions that require lifetime custodial care. And even moderate drinking leads to short–term impairment, as shown by extensive research on the impact of drinking on driving. A number of factors influence how and to what extent alcohol affects the brain (1), including * how much and how often a person drinks; * the age at which he or she first began drinking, and how long he or she has been drinking; * the person’s age, level of education, gender, genetic background, and family history of alcoholism; * whether he or she is at risk as a result of prenatal alcohol exposure; and * his or her general health status. BLACKOUTS AND MEMORY LAPSES Alcohol can produce detectable impairments in memory after only a few drinks and, as the amount of alcohol increases, so does the degree of impairment. Large quantities of alcohol, especially when consumed quickly and on an empty stomach, can produce a blackout, or an interval of time for which the intoxicated person cannot recall key details of events, or even entire events. Blackouts are much more common among social drinkers than previously assumed and should be viewed as a potential consequence of acute intoxication regardless of age or whether the drinker is clinically dependent on alcohol (2). White and colleagues (3) surveyed 772 college undergraduates about their experiences with blackouts and asked, â€Å"Have you ever awoken after a night of drinking not able to remember things that you did or places that you went? † Of the students who had ever consumed alcohol, 51 percent reported blacking out at some point in their lives, and 40 percent reported experiencing a blackout in the year before the survey. Of those who reported drinking in the 2 weeks before the survey, 9. 4 percent said they blacked out during that time. The students reported learning later that they had participated in a wide range of potentially dangerous events they could not remember, including vandalism, unprotected sex, and driving. Binge Drinking and Blackouts| †¢ Drinkers who experience blackouts typically drink too much and too quickly, which causes their blood alcohol levels to rise very rapidly. College students may be at particular risk for experiencing a blackout, as an alarming number of college students engage in binge drinking. Binge drinking, for a typical adult, is defined as consuming five or more drinks in about 2 hours for men, or four or more drinks for women. | ARE WOMEN MORE VULNERABLE TO ALCOHOL’S EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN? Women are more vulnerable than men to many of the medical consequences of alcohol use. For example, alcoholic women develop cirrhosis (5), alcohol–induced damage of the heart muscle (i. e. , cardiomyopathy) (6), and nerve damage (i. e. , peripheral neuropathy) (7) after fewer years of heavy drinking than do alcoholic men. Studies comparing men and women’s sensitivity to alcohol–induced brain damage, however, have not been as conclusive. Using imaging with computerized tomography, two studies (8,9) compared brain shrinkage, a common indicator of brain damage, in alcoholic men and women and reported that male and female alcoholics both showed significantly greater brain shrinkage than control subjects. Studies also showed that both men and women have similar learning and memory problems as a result of heavy drinking (10). The difference is that alcoholic women reported that they had been drinking excessively for only about half as long as the alcoholic men in these studies. This indicates that women’s brains, like their other organs, are more vulnerable to alcohol–induced damage than men’s (11). SUMMARY Alcoholics are not all alike. They experience different degrees of impairment, and the disease has different origins for different people. Consequently, researchers have not found conclusive evidence that any one variable is solely responsible for the brain deficits found in alcoholics. Characterizing what makes some alcoholics vulnerable to brain damage whereas others are not remains the subject of active research (34). The good news is that most alcoholics with cognitive impairment show at least some improvement in brain structure and functioning within a year of abstinence, though some people take much longer (35–37). Clinicians must consider a variety of treatment methods to help people stop drinking and to recover from alcohol–related brain impairments, and tailor these treatments to the individual patient. Advanced technology will have an important role in developing these therapies. Clinicians can use brain–imaging techniques to monitor the course and success of treatment, because imaging can reveal structural, functional, and biochemical changes in living patients over time. Promising new medications also are in the early stages of development, as researchers strive to design therapies that can help prevent alcohol’s harmful effects and promote the growth of new brain cells to take the place of those that have been damaged by alcohol.  ¦ As well as damaging their health, university students who drink too much alcohol may also be damaging their academic performance. Alcohol: The Benefits of Moderate Drinking Drinking alcohol in moderate amounts can have positive influences on physical and mental health. While alcohol is one of the most widely abused substances on the market, it is also one that features certain benefits for drinkers who consume it in safe amounts. For individuals who consume low levels of alcohol, benefits like reduced stress, increased cardiovascular health and decreased risk of developing type 2 diabetes offer a wealth of reasons for consumers to drink in moderation. Reduce Stress, Anxiety and Tension. Research shows that the consumption of alcohol in moderate amounts can lead to certain psychological benefits. Low levels of alcohol can trigger stress reduction, easy feelings of anxiety and help consumers to reduce tension. In addition, low levels of alcohol consumption can also cause the consumer to feel more pleasant and relaxed. Studies on sleep show that people who drink in moderation get more sleep on average than do those who indulge in excess. These psychological effects of moderate drinking are positive ones that can be beneficial to the consumer. A Longer Life The positive psychological effects of drinking in moderation can be associated with the studies that show moderate drinkers tend to love longer than people who dont drink at all or those who drink in excess. Studies from a number of different countries including China, the United States and England indicate that longevity is highest among groups of people who drink alcohol in moderation. Increased Cardiovascular Health Several studies have shown that drinking alcohol in moderation has a positive correlation with certain aspects of cardiovascular health. In particular, the risk of developing coronary artery disease is significantly lowered in conjunction with moderate consumption of alcohol. Another link between alcohol and cardiovascular health shows that moderate consumption of alcohol has a positive correlation with survivability in the event of a heart attack. Those who drink low levels of alcohol are more likely to live and less likely to experience another heart attack. Alcohol produces several positive effects on the body when consumed in low levels. For example, it increases levels of good cholesterol (HDL) and lowers levels of bad cholesterol (LDL). Alcohol also acts as a blood thinner once it enters the human body, much like common aspirin does. Thus, when consumed in moderation, it can reduce the likelihood of developing blood clots in arteries. Decreased Risk for Type 2 Diabetes While consuming alcohol in large quantities has been proven to put drinkers at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes, some studies show that drinking in moderation might have the opposite effect. The relationship between alcohol and type 2 diabetes is the focus of a great number of ongoing studies. Findings show, however, that moderate drinkers are less likely to develop type 2 diabetes than heavy drinkers. All of these health benefits associated with moderate drinking serve as an incentive for consumers to limit their levels of alcohol intake. Too much alcohol eliminates the health benefits described above. The best way to maximize on the health benefits of alcohol is to consume it in low levels. Negative Effects of Drinking Alcohol on Physical Fitness While occasional alcohol use may not have a major impact on physical activity, there is a clear link between sports, exercise and drinking alcohol. In fact, alcohol is the most widely used drug by athletes which is why alcohol related difficulties seem to be more common among those who exercise regularly. It is clear that drinking in excess can negatively influence exercise. Studies done to determine the influence that alcohol has on exercise Studies have shown that consuming alcohol has the following influence on exercise: *Diminishes the use of amino acids and glucose by the muscles of the skeleton *A detrimental influence on the supply of energy *An impairment in metabolism while exercising In addition, persuasive evidence implies that continual use of alcohol is connected with unfavorable effects on systems of the body and organs, including the liver, brain, heart and blood vessels. Exercising while under the influence of alcohol Drinking alcohol has a negative influence on motor skills, stamina and aerobic ability. Alcohol has the following effects on motor skills: *Delayed reaction time *A decrease in hand-eye coordination *Less precision and balance Alcohol has the following effects on strength training and short term athletic functioning: *A decline in athletic performance as a whole. *Decreased times in cycling and running *Weakened pumping power of the heart *Impaired temperature control while exercising *Weakening of grip strength *Decreased jump altitude *Lower 200 and 400-meter running performance *Becoming tired more quickly while participating in high-intensity workouts Alcohol has the following effects on aerobic performance: *Dehydration *Considerably diminished aerobic performance *Hindered 800 and 1500-meter running speeds *An increase in health risks after working out in hot atmospheres for an extended amount of time Working out with a hangover. A hangover is caused by a number of factors including, dehydration and toxicity from the alcohol. The symptoms include a gloomy mood and headache. Unfortunately, these side effects can cause a decline in athletic performance. Working out with a hangover has been shown to considerably decrease aerobic adequacy by as great as 11 percent. Long term effects that alcohol has on exercise performance Long term, heavy (more than two drinks each day) alcohol use can impair exercise in the following ways: *Hindering the cardiovascular reaction to exercise *Cause nutritional deficits from changes in nutrient consumption, digestion and metabolism. *Cause muscle injury, wasting and feebleness in several muscles, including the heart. *Changing the bodys hormonal atmosphere It is also important to note that women might be more susceptible to the toxic results of alcohol on the heart. It is clear that drinking in excess can negatively influence exercise. Alcoholism is a growing problem in the United States and is even a problem in teenagers, too. Unfortunately, there are a variety of negative effects that are associated with the consumption of alcohol. While the negative effects can either be long term or short term, all of them start with the first drink of alcohol. Negative effects may not become apparent immediately, but as time goes on, the adverse effects of alcohol will become more and more noticeable and, in some cases, they can even lead to death. Diseases One of the negative effects that alcohol tends to have is the increased risk for multiple serious diseases. Increased consumption of alcohol can lead to serious medical problems such as cirrhosis of the liver, which often results in death. Infections, sleeping disorders and sexual dysfunctions can also be caused by consumption of alcohol. Recent studies have also shown that consumption of alcohol can actually raise the risk of certain cancers, including breast cancer, throat cancer and intestinal cancer. Consuming alcohol can be very serious and there are many grave negative effects that are caused by alcohol. Avoiding alcohol can help you avoid these adverse effects and perhaps even save your life.

How to Write a Synthesis Essay :: Synthesis Essays, Process Essays

A synthesis is the combination of the ideas from more than one source with your own ideas. Note that the term â€Å"idea† does not constitute an opinion. What does a successful synthesis include? ACCURACY: an accurate report of information from the sources using different phrases and sentences not found in the original text. ORGANIZATION: readers should be able to see immediately where the information from the sources overlap. INTERPRETATION: a synthesis makes sense of the sources and helps the reader understand them in greater depth. How to get started: Summarizing the main points/themes/traits of the sources you are comparing will help you organize your thoughts. You will need to decide which elements of the texts being compared are most relevant. You also need to think about your audience: what points will give your reader the best overall picture of the texts? What will be most interesting for the audience to read? Standard format: Introduction A one-sentence statement that sums up the focus of your synthesis (i.e. your thesis statement) An introduction of the titles and authors of your sources (following specific citation guidelines) Relevant background information about the authors, texts, OR the general topic from which the texts are drawn Body Each paragraph must: begin with a topic sentence include information from more than one source clearly indicate where the material comes from using lead-in phrases and in-text citations†¦BEWARE OF PLAGIARISM show similarities/differences between or among the different sources Last but NOT least: represent the texts fairly. Your job is to present what the source says, in fewer words and your own words. Using your own words does not mean that you are in any way changing what the source says.

Portfolio Management and Its Influences on Project Management Essay

In a project based organization, project management is directly controlled by strategic portfolio managers and a portfolio management department. This type of organization focuses on project development, progress and successful completion in relation to the strategic goals determined by top management. Multiple project proposals are constantly evaluated in terms of value, alignment to corporate strategies, and availability of resources to complete a project. In order for a project to proceed, portfolio managers must decide if a project is worthwhile and if it contributes to the goals of corporate strategies, and make the more difficult decision of which projects are more valuable to the organization in terms of achieving strategic goals (H. Kerzner, 2009). A large part of this process involves balancing short term projects with long term projects, assessing risk factors, and resource allocation. If a project is approved, then a project manager is assigned to oversee the project. The project manager has little influence on the resources and financing assigned to the project; that is determined by the portfolio manager and sponsor. The project manager is given a finite level of resources for a project and is expected to complete the project utilizing the allotted resources in an efficient manner. The portfolio manager assigns a project and the resources for the project to a project manager, and it is the responsibility of the project manager to complete the project without incurring the need to use added resources or financing. The project manager also is responsible for ongoing status reports of the progress to the portfolio manager and along with details regarding the efficient use of resources. If a project changes in scope or value, the portfolio manager has the authority to update resource availability to the project manager to fulfill the new requirements. Reference Kerzner, H. (2009). Project Management: A systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling (10th edition). John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ.

Assesing the jobs of a STOCK BROKER - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2890 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Definition: Stock Broker means a stock-broker who has either made an application for registration or is registered as a stockÂÂ ­broker in accordance with the rules and regulations made under the Securities and Exchange Board of Indian Act, 1992 (15 of 1992). (Date of Introduction: 01.07.1994. Notification No.1/94-ST dt. 20.06.1994. ) (Section 65(69) of Finance Act, 1994 as amended) The service provided by the stock broker becomes liable to pay Service Tax subject to the conditions that the ÂÂ ­ Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Assesing the jobs of a STOCK BROKER" essay for you Create order (a) Stock Broker should be registered as per SEBI Act, 1972. (b) Stock should be listed in the Stock Exchange. (b)The Stock Exchange must be recognized Stock Exchange as per Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956. (c) The Sale/Purchase should be on behalf of an investor. (i) shares, scrips, stocks, bonds, debentures, debenture stock, or other marketable securities of a like nature in or of any incorporated company or body corporate; (ia) derivative; (ib) units or any other instrument issued by any collective investment scheme to the investors in such schemes; (ii) Government securities; iia) such other instruments as may be declared by the Central Government to be securities; and (iii) rights or interests in securities. Own trading: In case, a broker enters into a transaction on his own account, with an investor who is a non-member on the stock exchange, the service provided will be taxable service, and subject to Service Tax. ÂÂ   Arbitrage: In the case of arbitrage transaction i.e. the transaction between two brokers of different stock exchanges, the service is provided by a broker i.e. the member of a stock exchange even though the investor may be a member of another stock exchange, there being an investor involved in the transaction, the service so provided to the investor will be a taxable service and subject to Service Tax. (Ministrys F.No.148/1/94 CX-4 (Pt. I) dt. 31.12.1996) Sub-broker means a sub-broker who has either made an application for registration or is registered as a sub broker in accordance with the rules and regulations made under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992. Source (Role of a Stock Broker Published on March 2, 2010 by Megha Batra in Investing Comments Any investor who wants to invest in stocks needs a stock broker. As you cannot make direct investments in stock market, it becomes essential to contact a stock broker, as he is the one who is directly related to stock exchange. The basic job of a stock broker is to facilitate your transactions and guide you in trading with shares and commodities. He is a professional expert who assists you to understand and plan according to the ups and downs in the risky stock market. A stock broker allows you to buy and sell stocks and commodities anywhere in the world. In case you are a beginner, it would be really tough for you to understand the world of stocks. In such situation, you require a stock broker. He will help you to make right decisions at the right time, thus managing your invested capital properly. Literally, the term stock broker refers to a person who makes your transactions in stocks and earns his commission on every transaction made by him in the stock market. He is approved and regulated by federal government of the country (depending on the market he works in). Published on March 2, 2010 by Megha Batra in Investing Comments (1)|1 Liked It What does a stock broker do in your stock investments? Any investor who wants to invest in stocks needs a stock broker. As you cannot make direct investments in stock market, it becomes essential to contact a stock broker, as he is the one who is directly related to stock exchange. The basic job of a stock broker is to facilitate your transactions and guide you in trading with shares and commodities. He is a professional expert who assists you to understand and plan according to the ups and downs in the risky stock market. A stock broker allows you to buy and sell stocks and commodities anywhere in the world. In case you are a beginner, it would be really tough for you to understand the world of stocks. In such situation, you require a stock broker. He will help you to make right decisions at the right time, thus managing your invested capital properly. Literally, the term stock broker refers to a person who makes your transactions in stocks and earns his commission on every transaction made by him in the stock market. He is approved and regulated by federal government of the country (depending on the market he works in). Read more in Investing ÂÂ « Michigan ForeclosuresHow to Trade Forex Using Pivot Point as a Trading System ÂÂ »Some of the main reasons for hiring a stockbroker are discussed hereunder: a) A stock broker helps as a guide who recommends you about a particular deal to invest in. Many times he analyzes the market trend and suggests your desired actions accordingly. As he has a lot of knowledge and experience, he is the best person for your capital investment and aims at providing maximum returns on your investment. For beginners, he acts as a nook of complete knowledge about the stock market and its trends. b) A stock broker is well aware about the upcoming risks and ways to avoid them. He also calculates the possibility to earn profit by investing in a particular stock or commodity. His aim is to minimize risk and maximize profit. c) A stock broker also performs the job of a manager who manages your portfolio so as to let you understand your financial status. His job covers initial investment, profits and losses and the record of stock trade. This is extremely essential as this is the only way to calculate your profits and losses. Thus, a stock broker tells you whether you are successful or not in the market, i.e., whether you stand in the market. d) A stock broker assists you in trading anywhere in the whole world. He knows the overseas market trends and can direct you to invest in stocks abroad so as to earn good profits in future. e) A stockbroker also makes investments on your behalf. All you need is to bank upon him ad leave the rest on him. This is automated investment in which a stock broker deals with your capital investments on your behalf so as to assure positive returns. f) With the help of online stock brokers, you can contact them easily and most quickly. With the online facility, you can have access to your broker 24/7/365. Read more: https://bizcovering.com/investing/role-of-a-stock-broker/#ixzz12PWK9BRC A stockbroker is a professional who buys and sells shares and other listed securities through the book at those responsible for equity investors. As the law passed in the United States has the general representation of securities examination or the Series 7 exam for working as a stockbroker. Brokers providing various services to their customers. Execution only this service, only the broker market in the direction of investors. This is the basic and most frequent use of mediators. Advisory In this service the broker not only buy and sell clients instructions recommend, but to buy the investor in the stock market and sell the shares. Discretionary use This is the most complete service, a broker provides. In this case, the brokers discretion for investment decisions of the investor must take. These are the basic services provided by stock brokers are available and completely dependent on what services you are writing to you. For example, if you have a simple analysis of the cattle market can and regularly on events and stock market shares in which you invest, you should observe the brokers have no buying and selling done by one instruction. It will save not only the costs of service, but also to give full confidence in the stock market. If youre relatively new equity investments, or if they have sufficient knowledge of equities analysis, or do not have the time or resources to do thorough research on the stock market, the board is more effective for you. It will bring not only your sales management but also with effective tips and guidance for the market equity investments. Although it is a bit more expensive, but can significantly gain from the technical knowledge and experience of brokers and its research and analysis team. The full-service broker is the preferred solution for those who do not have the time or knowledge of their portfolio. In this case, the broker makes all the decisions to invest in the stock market. This is the most expensive Broking Service, but then you do not need to waste time on your stock market investments. Exactly how different kinds Service Broker There are several categories of securities intermediaries as well. While choosing your broker, it is advisable to ensure the well-known companies such as trading stocks That You earn ITS solid infrastructure, analysis and experience to select the stock market. This also applies when choosing your business online trading, online trading is the implementation in your name. https://b-broker.blogspot.com/2010/08/what-is-role-of-stock-broker.html ÂÂ © Copy Right: Rai University 11.671.3 281 Role of an Indian Stock Broker ÂÂ · In India, stock exchanges were almost self regulatory till 1988, supervised by Ministry of Finance under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act (SCRA). However, the stock exchanges were not discharging their self-regulatory role as well as a result of which malpractices crept into trading, adversely affecting investors interests. SEBI has been setup to ensure that the stock exchanges discharge their self-regulatory role properly. Ever since SEBI began to monitor brokers, stock broking is emerging as a professional advisory service, in tune with the requirements of a mature, sophisticated, screen based, ring-less, automated stock exchanges in the country in sharp contrast to traditional, closed character as inherited family business. So we will discuss, the Indian Stock Broking system here. The stock broking activity consists of various intermediaries. Let us discuss them one by one. Stock Brokers Stockbroker is a member of a recognized stock exchange who buys, sells or deals in securities. To work as a stockbroker registration with SEBI is mandatory. SEBI is empowered to impose conditions while granting the certificate of registration. Registration : A broker seeking registration with SEBI, has to apply through the stock exchange of which he is member. For registering SEBI checks eligibility of the applicant to become the member of stock exchange, has the necessary infrastructure to effectively discharge his duties, past experience etc. Every registered stockbroker is required to pay annual fee @ Rs. 5,000 for turn over up to Rs. 1 crore and 0.01% of turnover exceeding Rs. 1 crore. For calculating turnover underwriting and collection of deposits are not taken into account for the purpose of calculating the turnover. The authenticity of the annual turnover is to be certified by the stock exchange concerned. Capital adequacy norms for brokers : An absolute minimum of Rs. 5 lakh as a deposit with the exchange is to be maintained by the members of the BSE CSE and Rs. 3.5 lakh for DSE and ASE irrespective of volume of business. In case of other SE the minimum requirement is Rs. 2 lakhs. The security deposit kept by the members in the SE forms part of the base minimum capital; 25% of the base minimum capital is to be maintained in case with the exchange. Another 25% remains in the form of a long term fixed deposit with a bank on which the SE is given free lien. The remaining requirement is being maintained in the form of securities with a 30% margin. The securities should be in the name of the member and are pledged in favor of SE. Additional capital related to Volume of Business : The additional or optional capital required from a member should, at any point of time, be such that together with the base minimum capital it is not less than 8% of the gross outstanding business in the exchange defined as the aggregate of up-to-date sales and purchases by a member broker in all the securities put together. Duty to the Investor : The duties of a broker to the investor are i. He should be faithful to the clients in his dealings with them and execute orders as per the instructions. ii. He should issue to his clients a contract note without any delay for all transactions in the form specified by the SE. iii. To avoid breach of trust, he should not disclose or discuss with any other person details of investment and transaction of clients. iv. He should not mislead clients merely to generate business. v. He should avoid dealing with a client who is a defaulter in his dealings with other brokers. vi. When dealing with a client, he is required to disclose whether he is acting as a principal or as an agent. vii. He should not give investment advice to any client unless sought by him. viii. A stockbroker should have adequately trained staff and arrangements to render fair, prompt and competent services to his clients. ix. He should extend full cooperation to other brokers in protecting the interest of his clients regarding their rights to dividends, bonus shares, rights issues and any other rights related to such securities. Sub Brokers A sub-broker acts on behalf of a stockbroker as an agent or otherwise for assisting investors in buying, selling or dealing in securities through such brokers but he is not a member of a stock exchange. To act as a sub-broker, registration with SEBI is required. It grants a certificate of registration to a sub-broker subject to the conditions that (a) he has to pay the prescribed fee, (b) he takes adequate steps for redressal of investor grievances within one month of the receipt of the complaint and keeps SEBI informed about the number, nature and other particulars of the complaints (c) he is authorized in writing by a broker for affiliation in buying, selling or dealing in securities. Registration of Sub-brokers : According to SEBI regulations currently in force, a sub-broker is required to submit along with the application (a) recommendation from a stockbroker with whom he will be affiliated and (b) two references, including one from his banker. The individual applicant should not be less than 21 years of age, has not been convicted in any offence involving fraud or dishonesty and has passed the equivalent of at least 12th standard from a recognized institution. The annual fee payable by a sub-broker is Rs. 1000 for an initial period of five years. After the expiry of five years, an annual fee of Rs. 500 is payable as long as the certificate remains in force. Duty to the investors : A sub-broker, in his dealings with the clients and the general investing public, should faithfully execute the orders for buying and selling of securities at the best available market price and promptly inform his clients about the execution of an order and make payment in respect of securities sold and arrange for prompt delivery of securities purchased. He should issue promptly to his clients (a) purchase or sale notes for all the transactions entered into by him with his clients, or through the principal broker (b) scrip-wise details. He should not furnish misleading information to his clients to generate business. He should not recommend his clients any scrip / security unless the client has asked for the advice. Foreign Brokers Foreign institutional investors (FIIs) now play a significant role in the stock markets. With a view to helping the FIIs to follow the procedures and encourage them to invest in India, SEBI has issued a different set of guidelines: Registration with SEBI : It is mandatory for a foreign broker to get registered with SEBI in order to do business in India. While applying for registration, a foreign broker has to disclose to SEBI name(s) and registration number(s) of the stock exchanges where he is registered in the capacity of a broker dealer together with an undertaking that he would operate and assist only on behalf of the registered FIIs and would not deal in securities on his own account as principal in India. On advice from SEBI, the RBI would accord approval to him to open (a) a foreign currency denominated bank account and a rupee account with a designated bank branch and (b) multiple custodian accounts with the approved custodian of all registered FIIs whom he may be assisting or on whose behalf he would be placing orders with a member of Indian stock exchanges. Transaction in Accounts : The foreign currency denominated accounts of registered foreign brokers would be credited with inward remittance brought in by him and inward remittance to make initial payment against the purchase contracts on behalf of registered FIIs. The rupee account will be credited with the commissions / brokerages earned by him in India. Initial payment on account of purchase contract on behalf of registered FIIs would be made through Rupee account. Reimbursement of this initial payment would be made by the designated bank/custodian of the registered FII. The brokers are allowed to freely repatriate commission/ brokerage earned in India after transferring them to the foreign currency denominated account subject to payment of taxes on the basis of conversion of rupees to foreign currency at the prevailing market rates. Source : MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL SERVICES LESSON 38: STOCK BROKING: AN INTRODUCTION AND SEBI GUIDELINES